DIRD_04_DIRD_Biomaterials.pdf

7 January 2010 
ICOD: 1 December 2009 
DIA-08-0912-006 
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Defense 
Intelligence 
Reference 
Document 
Acquisition Threat Support 
Biomaterials 
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Biomaterials 
Prepared by: 
r 
)(3): 10 USC 424 
Defense Intelligence Agency 
Author: 
Administrative Note 
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UNCLASSIFIED /qGh@RnQRi elt hel Contents INtroduction .....0.cccecseenssssenenees euaeenanenene wanaeananameuanens nanauecananacene weneuanans sanasanduawaneiannnanes vi Importance of Biocompatibility..........05 verueesseesereserevers pe nacevavenuseracuscousesspuvernonrare vii Science of Biomaterials auaua sa nasenavecenenausuenanansceuenauetenensensanananenenanenauaneeanancucnenasenane¥ll Biomaterials for BIOSENSOTS ......csereceeenses pec sesenepevanesaseons ope na pase susesesenecuseveveruseseaeceses 1 Biomaterials for BiQMeCiCING 2... ..ccseccenee cece ee enen enue neee ence cena ceaueec…

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Blomaterials in Diatvsis .......................................................................................... 24 
Summary and Recommendations •••••••••••••••.••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 
Figures 
Figure 1. Biomaterial Applications in Medica I Devices ............................................ vi 
Figure 2. Common Medical Devices That Use Biomaterials ................................... viii 
Figure 3. Biomaterials Such as Polycarbonates, Cellulose, and Silicones Used in 
Membranes for Sensors, Dialyzers, and Oxyg…

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Biomaterials 
Introduction 
Biomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymers, glasses, carbons, and composite 
materials intended to interface with biological systems. They are often used to 
treat, augment, or replace bodily tissues, organs, or functions. Such materials 
are used in various forms, including molded or machined parts, coatings, 
fibers, films, foams, and fabrics. Biomaterials are usually nonliving, but recent 
definitions also include living skin and tissues produced in culture. 
A biocompatible m_aterial is different from a biological mat…

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laboratory, in processing biomolecules in biotechnology, for fertility regulation 
implants in cattle, in diagnostic gene arrays, in the aquaculture of oysters, and 
for investigational cell-silicon "biochips." The common thread in these 
applications is the interaction between biological systems and synthetic or 
modified natural materials. 
Biomimetic materials, in contrast, are not made by living organisms but have 
compositions and properties similar to materials made by living organisms. 
For example, the calcium hydroxyapatite coating found o…

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Numbers of Medical Devices/yr. Worldwi9 
intraocular lens 
contact lens 
vascular graft 
hip and knee prostheses 
catheter 
heart valve 
stent (cardiovascular) 
breast implant 
dental implant 
pacemaker 
renal dialyzer 
left ventricular assist devices 
7,000,000 
75,000,000 
400,000 
1,000,000 
300,000,000 
200~000 
>2,000,000 
300,000 
500,000 
200,000 
25,000,000 
100,000 
Millions of lives saved. The quality of life improved for millions more. 
A $100 billion industry 
Figure 2. Common Medical Devices That Use Biomaterlals 
The development of bioma…

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Biomaterials for Biosensors 
Implantable biosensors for the human body place some of the greatest functional 
demands on biomaterials. Biosensors monitor the physiologic state of tissues for 
medical therapeutics or for assessing human performance. Sensors for glucose, oxygen, 
blood pH, adrenal hormones, nervous activity, heart performance, and blood pressure 
monitors are all of interest. 
Blood biochemistry sensors are the most difficult sensors to keep functioning over time 
primarily because the sensor interface materials provoke low-level for…